India’s Licence for Deep-Sea Exploration in Indian Ocean

18.09.2025

India’s Licence for Deep-Sea Exploration in Indian Ocean

Context
India has secured a license from the International Seabed Authority (ISA) for deep-sea exploration in the Indian Ocean, authorizing it to explore polymetallic sulphides rich in critical minerals such as manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold, and silver. This initiative aims to expand India’s access to essential minerals needed for technological and economic development.

About the Licence

• The license grants exploration rights over the Carlsberg Ridge region, which lies beyond India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in international waters.
• Exploration rights for the Afanasiy Nikitin Seamount are pending due to territorial claims by Sri Lanka, delaying India’s permission there.
• The International Seabed Authority, established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), regulates mining rights in international seabeds and operates from its headquarters in Kingston, Jamaica.
• India’s EEZ extends 200 nautical miles from its coast, beyond which lies the high seas governed by ISA.

Economic and Strategic Importance

• Polymetallic sulphides found on seabed contain vital metals essential for electric vehicle batteries, renewable energy technologies, electronics, and strategic industries.
• By gaining exploration rights, India reduces its dependency on imports of critical minerals, particularly from China.
• This move strengthens India’s ambitions in technology, sustainability, and long-term resource security.

Geopolitical Significance

• Access to seabed mineral resources enhances India’s strategic position in the Indian Ocean region.
• The license involves navigating complex geopolitical challenges, including territorial disputes and regional cooperation.

Way Forward

• India must develop advanced technological capabilities, including underwater robotics and mining equipment, for effective and sustainable extraction.
• Diplomatic engagement remains vital to resolve disputes and ensure harmonious use of international seabeds.
• Balancing ecological sustainability and economic exploitation is imperative in seabed mining activities.

Conclusion
India’s license for deep-sea mineral exploration marks a crucial step in securing critical resources and strengthening economic and strategic autonomy. The initiative aligns with global trends toward sustainable resource utilization and advances India’s stature as a maritime and technological power.