G Minus Two (G-2) for the Indo-Pacific

Context

C. Raja Mohan highlighted the emerging “G Minus Two” approach, where Indo-Pacific middle powers strengthen partnerships while maintaining strategic autonomy instead of aligning exclusively with either the US or China.

About the Concept

The G Minus Two framework promotes cooperation among countries such as India, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and Indonesia through bilateral and minilateral partnerships. It rejects a US–China duopoly and supports a flexible, rules-based regional order.

Origin and Background

• Emerged from concerns over growing US–China rivalry.
• Encourages regional countries to diversify security and economic partnerships.
• Strengthened through recent high-level engagements among Indo-Pacific nations.
• Recognizes continued economic engagement with China while reducing excessive dependence.

Constitutional & International Basis

Article 51

India's regional diplomacy aligns with Article 51 of the Constitution, promoting international peace and cooperation.

UNCLOS

The framework supports UNCLOS (1982) by emphasizing freedom of navigation, secure sea lanes, and a rules-based maritime order.

Key Opportunities

• Diversifying supply chains and reducing economic risks.
• Strengthening maritime security, especially around the Strait of Malacca.
• Expanding defence cooperation and technology sharing.
• Improving financial resilience through local currency settlements.

Significance for India

• Enhances India's strategic autonomy.
• Boosts defence manufacturing under Make in India.
• Strengthens ties with ASEAN and Indo-Pacific partners.
• Expands India's role in regional and global institutions.

Way Forward

• Accelerate connectivity and infrastructure projects.
• Deepen green technology and energy cooperation.
• Promote secure digital and data governance.
• Continue domestic economic and defence reforms to strengthen competitiveness.

Conclusion

The G Minus Two framework enables India to build stronger regional partnerships while preserving strategic autonomy. Its long-term success will depend on sustained cooperation, economic reforms, and greater self-reliance in defence and technology.